![]() Inferring the causes of observed outcomes-a process known as causal inference-is crucial for appropriately assigning credit to one's own actions and restricting learning to effective action–outcome contingencies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Learning which actions lead to reward-a process known as reinforcement learning-is essential for survival. ![]() Together, these results are consistent with a possible neural architecture in which causal beliefs in anterior insula are integrated with prediction error signals in dorsal striatum to update action values. Finally, structural equation modeling revealed effective connectivity from anterior insula to dorsal striatum. Further analyses revealed that beliefs about causal structure are represented in anterior insula and inferior frontal gyrus. ![]() We found evidence that RPEs modulated by causal beliefs are represented in dorsal striatum, while standard (unmodulated) RPEs are represented in ventral striatum. In this study, we investigated the brain networks underlying reinforcement learning that are influenced by causal beliefs using functional magnetic resonance imaging while human participants ( n = 31 13 males, 18 females) completed a behavioral task that manipulated beliefs about causal structure. Our previous work showed that this type of credit assignment is best explained by a Bayesian reinforcement learning model which posits that beliefs about the causal structure of the environment modulate reward prediction errors (RPEs) during action value updating. Attributing outcomes to your own actions or to external causes is essential for appropriately learning which actions lead to reward and which actions do not.
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